Children of Parents with a Mental Illness > National Resource Centre

Texts Relevant to Workforce Education

Most of the following literature is contained in psychiatry, psychology and child protection journals. Additional texts and information is also available at the bottom of this page.

Text topic areas...

General COPMI

Prevalence and Impact

Child and Parent Perspectives

Talking with Children and Young People

Policy, Practice and Interagency Collaboration

Community Development

Additional References Relevant to Workforce Education

Video and Audio Resources

Texts - General COPMI

Aldridge, J. and S. Becker (2003). Children Caring For Parents With Mental Illness. Bristol, The Policy Press.

Cowling, V., Ed. (1999). Children of Parents with Mental Illness. Melbourne, The Australian Council for Educational Research Ltd (ACER).

Cowling, V. (2004). Children of Parents with a Mental Illness 2: Personal and clinical perspectives. Melbourne, ACER Press.

Falkov, A. and C. Lindsey (2002). Patients as parents: Addressing the needs, including the safety, of children whose parents have mental illness. Council Report CR105. London, Royal College of Psychiatrists.

Goodman, S. H. and I. H. Gotlib, Eds. (2002). Children of depressed parents: Mechanisms of risk and implications for treatment, Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. (2002). viii, 351pp.

Gopfert, M., J. Webster, et al. (2004). Parental psychiatric disorder: Distressed parents and their families. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Hetherington, R., Baistow, K., Katz, I., Mesie, J. & Trowell, J. (2002). The Welfare of Children with Mentally Ill Parents. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons.

Perris, C., W. A. Arrindell, et al., Eds. (1994). Parenting and Psychopathology. The Wiley Series in Clinical Psychology. Chichester, England, John Wiley and Sons.

Tunnard, J. (2004). Parental mental health problems: key messages from research, policy and practice. Dartington UK, Research In Practice. http://www.rip.org.uk

Prevalence and Impact

Barbin, J. M., D. A. Williamson, et al. (2002). Psychological adjustment in the children of mothers with a history of eating disorders. Eating & Weight Disorders

Beardslee, W. R., E. M. Versage, et al. (1998). Children of affectively ill parents: a review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 37(11): 1134-41.

Beck, C. T. (1999). Maternal depression and child behaviour problems: a meta-analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 29(3): 623-9.

Beidel, D. C. and S. M. Turner (1997). At risk for anxiety: I. Psychopathology in the offspring of anxious parents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 36(7): 918-24.

Chang, K. D., H. Steiner, et al. (2000). Psychiatric phenomenology of child and adolescent bipolar offspring. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 39(4): 453-460.

Cicchetti, D., F. A. Rogosch, et al. (1998). Maternal depressive disorder and contextual risk: contributions to the development of attachment insecurity and behavior problems in toddlerhood. Development & Psychopathology 10(2): 283-300.

Cowling, V., E. Luk, et al. (2004). Children of adults with severe mental illness: mental health, help seeking and service use. Psychiatric Bulletin 28: 43-46.

Downey, G. and J. C. Coyne (1990). Children of depressed parents: An Integrative Review. Psychological Bulletin 108(1): 50-76.

Duffy, A., P. Grof, et al. (2001). Measures of attention and hyperactivity symptoms in a high-risk sample of children of bipolar parents. Journal of Affective Disorders 67(1-3) Dec 2001

Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L., U. H. Adamo, et al. (1997). The New York High Risk Project: Prevalence and comorbidity of Axis I disorders in offspring of schizophrenic parents at 25-year follow-up. Archives of General Psychiatry 54(12): 1096-1102.

Goodman, S. H. and I. H. Gotlib (1999). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: a developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological Review 106(3): 458-90.

Higgins, J., R. Gore, et al. (1997). Effects of child-rearing by schizophrenic mothers: a 25-year follow-up. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 96(5): 402-4.

Kramer, R. A., V. Warner, et al. (1998). General medical problems among the offspring of depressed parents: a 10-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 37(6): 602-11.

Kuperman, S., S. S. Schlosser, et al. (1999). Relationship of child psychopathology to parental alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 38(6): 686-692.

Landau, R., P. Harth, et al. (1972). The influence of psychotic parents on their children's development. Am J Psychiatry 129(1): 38-43.

Llewellyn, G., D. McConnell, et al. (2003). Prevalence and outcomes for parents with disabilities and their children in Australian court samples. Child Abuse and Neglect 27(3): 235-251.

Lieb, R., B. Isensee, et al. (2002). Parental major depression and the risk of depression and other mental disorders in offspring: A prospective-longitudinal community study. Archives of General Psychiatry 59(4): 365-374.

Marcus, J., S. L. Hans, et al. (1993). Children at risk for schizophrenia: The Jerusalem Infant Development Study: II. Neurobehavioral deficits at school age. Archives of General Psychiatry 50(10): 797-809.

Maybery, D., A. Reupert, et al. (2005). VicHealth Research Report on Children at Risk in Families affected by Parental Mental Illness. Melbourne, Victorian Health Promotion Foundation. http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au

Moss, H. B., K. G. Lynch, et al. (2002). Family functioning and peer affiliation in children of fathers with antisocial personality disorder and substance dependence: associations with problem behaviors. American Journal of Psychiatry 159(4): 607-14.

Nunes, E. V. (1998). Psychopathology in children of parents with opiate dependance and or major depression. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 37(11): 1142-1151.

Peisah, C., H. Brodaty, et al. (2005). Children of a cohort of depressed patients 25 years on: identifying those at risk. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39(10): 907-914.

Raju, M. S., P. S. Russell, et al. (2001). Prevalence and type of psycho-pathology among children of parents with chronic psychiatric disorders in comparison with the general population. Indian Pediatrics 38(12): 1397-401.

Unnewehr, S., S. Schneider, et al. (1998). Psychopathology in children of patients with panic disorder or animal phobia. Psychopathology 31(2): 69-84.

Warner, V., M. M. Weissman, et al. (1999). Grandparents, parents, and grandchildren at high risk for depression: A three-generation study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 38(3): 289-296.

Wals, M., M. H. J. Hillegers, et al. (2001). Prevalence of psychopathology in children of a bipolar parent. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 40(9): 1094-1102.

Intervention

Alakus, C. (2001). A Parent Education Initiative in Adult Mental Health: Children of parents diagnosed with mental illness. Australian Mental Health Social Work Newsletter: 16-21.

Beardslee, W. R., T. R. G. Gladstone, et al. (2003). A Family-Based Approach to the Prevention of Depressive Symptoms in Children at Risk: Evidence of Parental and Child Change. Pediatrics 112(2): e119-131.

Butler, S. F., S. H. Budman, et al. (2000). Risk reduction in children from families with parental depression: A videotape psychoeducation program. National Academies of Practice Forum: Issues in Interdisciplinary Care 2(4) Oct 2000

Catalano, R. F., R. R. Gainey, et al. (1999). An experimental intervention with families of substance abusers: one-year follow-up of the focus on families project. Addiction 94(2): 241-54.

Cooklin, A. and G. G. Barnes (2004). Family therapy when a parent suffers from psychiatric disorder. Parental Psychiatric Disorder: Distressed Parents and Their Families. Second Edition. M. Gopfert, J. Webster and M. V. Seeman. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 306-324.

Cowling, V. (1999). Finding Answers, making changes: Research and community project approaches. Children of Parents With Mental Illness. V. Cowling. Melbourne, ACER: 37-59. See also, Part IV Programs and other approaches (pages 109 - 173) of this volume.

Cowling, V., R. Cuff, et al. (2004). Peer support activities for children and young people who have a family member with mental illness. Children of Parents with Mental Illness 2. V. Cowling. Melbourne, ACER: 193-209.

Cuff, R., J. Pietsch, et al. (1997). Peer Support Program for children of parents with a mental illness: Champs 1, 2 and 3. Parkville, Victoria, Mental Health Research Institute and Abercare Family Services.

Dore, M. M., L. Nelson-Zlupko, et al. (1999). Friends in need: designing and implementing a psychoeducational group for school children from drug-involved families. Social Work 44(2): 179-90.

Hinden, B., K. Biebel, et al. (2002). Steps Toward Evidence-Based Practices for Parents with Mental Illness and their Families, Center for Mental Health Services Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School. http://www.mentalhealth.org/publications/allpubs/KEN02-0133.

Hinden, B., K. Biebel, et al. (2002). The Invisible Children's Project: A Family Centered Intervention for Parents with Mental Illness. Rockville, MD, Center for Mental Health Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Katz, J., G. Gintoli, et al. (2001). BART's place for children and teenagers of parents with serious mental Illness. Psychiatric services 52(1): 107.

Marsh, D. T. (2001). A family-focused approach to serious mental illness: Empirically supported interventions, Sarasota, FL, US: Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange, Inc. (2001). xiv, 96pp.

Martin, G. and T. Kay (2004). On adolescence and having a parent with mental illness. Children of parents with a mental illness 2: personal and clinical perspectives. V. Cowling. Melbourne, ACER: 41-56.

Orel, N. A., P. A. Groves, et al. (2003). Positive Connections: a programme for children who have a parent with a mental illness. Child and Family Social Work 8: 113-122.

Oyserman, D., C. T. Mowbray, et al. (1994). Resources and supports for mothers with severe mental illness. Health and Social Work 19: 132-142.

Pitman, E. and S. Matthey (2004). The SMILES program: A Group Program for Children With Mentally Ill Parents or Siblings. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 74(3): 383-388.

Silverman, M., M. (1989). Children of Psychiatrically Ill Parents: A prevention perspective. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 40(12): 1257-1264.

Rubovits, P. (1996). Project CHILD: an intervention programme for psychotic mothers and their young children. Parental psychiatric disorder: distressed parents and their families. M. Goepfert, J. Webster and M. V. Seeman. New York, Cambridge University Press: 161-17

Tussing, H. L. and D. P. Valentine (2001). Helping adolescents cope with the mental illness of a parent through bibliotherapy. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal 18(6) Dec 2001

Williams, A. S. (1998). A group for the adult daughters of mentally ill mothers: Looking backwards and forwards. British Journal of Medical Psychology 71(1)

Perinatal

Appleby, L. and C. Dickens (1993). Mothering Skills of Women With Mental Illness: Not enough known about the post-partum period. British Medical Journal 306(February 6th): 1993.

Barnett, B. and C. Fowler (1995). Caring for the family's future: A practical workbook on recognising and managing post-natal depression. Haymarket, NSW, Norman Swan Medical Communications.

Buist, A. (1998). Child Abuse, postpartum depression and parenting difficulties. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32(33): 370-378.

Buist, A. (1996). Psychiatric disorders associated with childbirth: A guide to management. Sydney, McGraw-Hill.

Cooper, G., K. Hoffman, et al. (2005). The circle of security intervention: Differential diagnosis and differential treatment. Enhancing Early Attachments. L. J. Berlin, Y. Zaiv, L. Amaya-Jackson and M. T. Greenberg. New York, Guilford.

Evans, J., J. Heron, et al. (2001). Cohort Study of Depressed Mood During Pregnancy and After Childbirth. British Medical Journal 323: 257-260.

Howard, L. M. (2003). Medical outcome of pregnancy in women with psychotic disorders and their infants in the first year after birth. British Journal of Psychiatry 182: 63-67.

Kowalenko, N., B. Barnett, et al. (2000). The perinatal period. Early intervention for mental health. Adelaide, The Australian Early Intervention Network for Mental Health in Young People.

Nicholson, J., A. Henry, et al. (2001). Parenting Well When You're Depressed. Oakland CA, New Harbinger Publications.

Ramchandani, P. (2005). Paternal depression in the postnatal period and child development: a prospective population study. www.thelancet.com 365: 2201-2205

Single, T. (2003). Child protection and the postnatal (obstetric) ward: A preventative inpatient programme for high risk families. Developing Practice: The Child, Youth and Family Work Journal 6: 28-37.

Adolescence

Clarke, G. N., M. Hornbrook, et al. (2001). A randomized trial of a group cognitive intervention for preventing depression in adolescent offspring of depressed parents. Archives of General Psychiatry 58(12): 1127-1134.

Clarke, G. N., M. Hornbrook, et al. (2002). Group cognitive-behavioral treatment for depressed adolescent offspring of depressed parents in a health maintenance organization. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 41(3): 305-13

NHMRC (1997). Depression In Young People: A guide for General Practitioners. Canberra, National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Government Publishing Services.

Child Protection

Budd, S. (2001). Assessing Parental Competence in Child Practice Cases: A clinical practice model. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 4(1): 1-17.

Buist, A. (1998). Mentally Ill Families: When are children safe? Australian Family Physician 27(4): 261-265.

Cardwell, A. and C. Britten (2002). Whose Baby Is It Anyway?: Developing a joined-up service involving child and adult teams working in a mental health trust. Journal of Adoption and Fostering 26: 76-84.

Cousins, C. (2004). When is it serious enough? The protection of children of parents with a mental health problem, tough decisions and avoiding a 'martyred' child. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health 3(2).

Green, R. (2002). Mentally Ill Parents and Children's Welfare, NSPCC inform: The online child protection resource: Practice Development Unit: 1-9. http://www.nspcc.org.uk/inform/Info_Briefing/Briefing_Home.asp

Hallgrimsdottir, E., K. Healy, et al. (2004). Child protection practice with families affected by parental substance use. Children Australia 29(3): 11-15.

Harnett, P. H., S. Dawe, et al. (2004). The Parents Under Pressure Program. National Child Protection Centre Newsletter. 12: 9-13.

Kovacs, K. (2002). Parents with a disability and child protection matters; Review of "Parents With A Disability and The NSW Children's Court". National Child Protection Clearinghouse. 10: 7-11.

Kovacs, K. and N. Richardson (2004). Fatal child abuse. Melbourne, Australian Institute of Family Studies: National Child Protection Clearinghouse.

L'Huillier, E. (1996). Neglecting Mothers: Feminist analysis of the Victorian Child Protection Service. Women Against Violence: An Australian Feminist Journal`(November): 11-21.

Llewellyn, G., D. McConnell, et al. (2003). Prevalence and outcomes for parents with disabilities and their children in Australian court samples. Child Abuse and Neglect 27(3): 235-251.

Nayda, R. (2004). Registered Nurses' Communication about Abused Children: Rules, Responsibilities and Resistance. Child Abuse Review 13: 188-199.

Oates, M. (1997). Patients as parents: The risk to children. British Journal of Psychiatry 170(Suppl 32): 22-27.

Ross, R. (1999). Child Protection and parental mental illness. The Victorian Child Protection Service. Children of Parents With Mental Illness. V. Cowling. Melbourne, Australian Council for Educational research: 87-108.

Sheehan, R. (1997). Mental health issues in child protection cases. Children Australia 22(4): 14-20.

Stanley, N. and B. Penhale (1999). The mental health problems of mothers experiencing the child protection system. Child Abuse Review 8: 34-35.

Stanley, N., B. Penhale, et al. (2003). Child Protection and Mental Health Services; Interprofessional responses to the needs of mothers. Bristol, UK, The Policy Press.

Tomison, A. M. (1996). Child Maltreatment and Mental Disorder; Discussion Paper No. 3, National Child Protection Clearinghouse, Australian Institute of Family Studies.

Tyler, R., J. Howard, et al. (1997). Placement with substance-abusing mothers vs. placement with other relatives: infant outcomes. Child Abuse & Neglect 21(4): 337-49.

Weir, A. and A. Douglas (1999). Child protection & adult mental health. Conflict of Interest? London, Butterworth Heinemann.

Child and Parent Perspectives

Ackerson, B. J. (2003). Coping with the dual demands of severe mental illness and parenting: the parent's perspective. Families in Society 84(1): 109-118.

Aldridge, J. and S. Becker (2003). Children's experience of caring for parents with severe and enduring mental illness in Children Caring For Parents With Mental Illness. Bristol, The Policy Press 65-96.

Alice (2004). Alice. Children of Parents with Mental Illness 2. V. Cowling. Melbourne, ACER: 1.

Bassett, H., J. Lampe, et al. (1999). Parenting: Experiences and feelings of parents with a mental illness. Journal of Mental Health 8(6): 597-604.

Carr, M. (2004). Miriam's story. Children of Parents with Mental Illness 2. V. Cowling. Melbourne, ACER: 75-78.

Cowling, V., E. Luk, et al. (2004). "Children of adults with severe mental illness: mental health, help seeking and service use." Psychiatric Bulletin 28: 43-46.

Crowhurst, K (1999) With the benefit of hindsight: An adult child's view of school. Children of Parents with Mental Illness. V. Cowling. Melbourne, ACER: 181-185.

Delahunty, M. (2004). Finding beauty. Children of Parents with Mental Illness 2. V. Cowling. Menbourne, ACER: 79-84.

DeSilva, E. (1999). Using fairy wings to fly: An adult's recollections. Children of Parents with Mental Illness. V. Cowling. Melbourne, ACER: 195-200.

Fudge, E. and P. Mason (2004). Consulting with young people about service guidelines relating to parental mental illness. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health 3(2).

Garley, D., R. Gallop, et al. (1997). Children of the mentally ill: a qualitative focus group approach. Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing 4(2): 97-103.

Handley, C., G. A. Farrell, et al. (2001). The Tasmanian Children's Project: The needs of children with a parent/carer with a mental illness. Australian New Zealand Journal of Mental Health Nursing 10(4): 221-8.

Kelly, M. (1999). Approaching the last resort: A parent's view. Children of Parents With A Mental Illness. V. Cowling. Melbourne, ACER Press: 60-75.

Kinsella, K. B., R. A. Anderson, et al. (1996). Coping skills, strengths, and needs as perceived by adult offspring and siblings of people with mental illness: a retrospective study. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 20(2): 24-32.

Maybery, D., L. Ling, et al. (2005). Children of parents with a mental illness: perspectives on need. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health 4(2).

Mason, P. (2004). Growing up with a parent with a mental illness - a personal perspective. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health 3(2).

Roberts, D. (2004). The child grown up:'on being and becoming mindless': a personal account. Parental Psychiatric Disorder: Distressed Parents and Their Families. Second Edition. M. Gopfert, J. Webster and M. V. Seeman. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 287-291.

Singer, J., S. Tang, et al. (2000). Needs assessment in the children of parents with major psychiatric illness. Family Matters. P. Reder, M. McClure and A. Jolley. London, Routledge.

Stormont, F., T. Craig, et al. (1997). Concerns about the children of psychiatric inpatients - what the parents say. Psychiatric Bulletin 21: 495-497

Walton, N. (2005). Behind Closed Doors. FRANK, Volume 10. Melbourne.

Webster, J. (1992). Split in two: experiences of the children of schizophrenic mothers. British Association of Social Work 22: 309-329.

Talking with Children and Young People

Absler, D. (1999) Talking with children about their parent's mental illness or mental health problems. Children of Parents with Mental Illness. V. Cowling. Melbourne, Australian Council for Educational Research: 186-194

Bilsborough, S. (2004). What we want from adult psychiatrists and their colleagues: 'Telling it like it is'. Parental psychiatric disorder: Distressed parents and their families. Second Edition. M. Gopfert, J. Webster and M. V. Seeman. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Cooklin, A. (2004). Talking with children and their understanding of mental illness Parental psychiatric disorder: Distressed parents and their families. Second Edition. M. Gopfert, J. Webster and M. V. Seeman. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Falkov, A. (2004). Talking with children whose parents experience mental illness. Children of Parents with a Mental Illness 2: Personal and clinical perspectives. Cowling, V. Melbourne, ACER Press.

Policy, Practice and Interagency Collaboration

AICAFMHA (2004). Principles and Actions for Services and People Working With Children of Parents With a Mental Illness. Stepney, SA, Australian Infant Child Adolescent and Family Mental Health Association Ltd.

Blanch, A. K., J. Nicholson, et al. (1994). Parents With Severe Mental Illness and Their Children: The need for human services integration. The Journal of Mental Health Administration 21(4): 388-396.

Burdekin, B., M. Guilfoyle, et al. (1993). Human Rights and Mental Illness; Report of the National Inquiry into the Human Rights of People with Mental Illness. Chapter 16 Children of Parents with a Mental Illness and Related Recommendations. Canberra, Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission: 493 - 504 + 927-928.

Campbell, L. (1999). Collaboration: Building inter-agency networks for practice partnerships. Children of parents with mental illness. V. Cowling. Melbourne, ACER: 203-216.

Cowling, V. (2004). Models of service provision in three countries: Marlboro, New Haven, Sydney, Melbourne and Lewisham. Parental psychiatric disorder: Distressed parents and their families. Second Edition. M. Gopfert, J. Webster and M. V. Seeman. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Cowling, V., E. Luk, et al. (2001). Crossing bridges; A joint CAMHS and adult mental health service research project to investigate the mental health of children of parents who are registered with an area mental health service. Building bridges: promoting mental health for families and communities., Brisbane, Australia, AICAFMHA.

Fudge, E., A. Falkov, et al. (2004). Parenting is a mental health issue. Australasian Psychiatry 12(2): 166-171.

Katz-Leavy, J., P. Sabry, et al. (2003). Integrating Services for Parents and Children in Three SAMHSA- funded Multi-site Initiatives. A System of Care for Children's Mental Health: Expanding the research base, Tampa, Florida, Research and Training Center for Children's Mental Health, The de la Parte Institute, University of South Florida.

O'Shea, R., D. Sheerin, et al. (2004). Attitudes to visits by children to parents hospitalised with acute psychiatric illness. Irish Journal of Psychiatric Medicine 21(2): 43-47.

SCIE (2003), Families That Have Alcohol And Mental Health Problems: A template for partnership working. Social Care Institute for Excellence in the UK. http://www.scie.org.uk/publications/children.asp

Smith, W. and D. S. Nicholls (2002). Pathways To Resilience. Children of parents with a mental illness project report, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia.

Community Development

BCSS (2002) SUPPORTING FAMILIES WITH PARENTAL MENTAL ILLNESS: A community education and development workshop This resource, developed by the British Columbia Schizophrenia Society in November 2002, is described as A Training Tool for Communities to Organize Services to Support Families. Downloadable from http://www.bcss.org/information_centre/resource_materials/index.html The manual 'Supporting Families With Parental Mental Illness' contains all the information needed to hold a successful workshop that will inform audiences as to the issues involved in supporting families with parental mental illness. The manual supports four functions:

To educate the community in understanding mental illness and its effects on parenting and child development.
To assist communities in critically assessing existing services.
To bring service providers together in an effort to encourage collaboration in working with families where there is parental mental illness.
To help communities answer the question: 'What are we as a community doing to support families with parental mental illness?' This manual provides an opportunity to see the broader picture, to envision the community where families reside and the services they can possibly access.

Additional References Relevant to Workforce Education

Most of the literature in the above Text Topic Areas is contained in psychiatry, psychology and child protection journals but the following specify some literature in other journals, reports and book chapters.

Nursing Journals and Reports

General Practice, Paediatric and Child Development Journals

School Counselling and Guidance Journals and Book Chapters

Social Work Journals

Nursing Journals and Reports

Ahern, K. (2003). At-risk children: A demographic analysis of the children of clients attending mental health community clinics. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 12: 223-228.

Austin, M. (2003). Psychological assessment and management of depression and anxiety in pregnancy. Australian Family Physician 32(3, March): 119-126.

Beck, C. T. (1999). Maternal depression and child behaviour problems: a meta-analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 29(3): 623-9.

Devlin, J. M. and L. M. O'Brien (1999). Children of parents with mental illness. I: An overview from a nursing perspective. Australian New Zealand Journal of Mental Health Nursing 8(1): 19-29.

Garley, D., R. Gallop, et al. (1997). Children of the mentally ill: a qualitative focus group approach. Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing 4(2): 97-103.

Gross, D. (1989). At Risk: Children of the Mentally Ill. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing 27(8): 14-18.

Thompson, J. and E. Fudge (2005). Adult Mental Health Nurses' Beliefs and practices when Nursing Clients who are Parents of Children Under 18. Stepney, SA, Australian Infant Child Adolescent and Family Mental Health Association. http://www.aicafmha.net.au

Owen, S. and C. Milburn (2001). Implementing Research Findings Into Practice: Improving and developing services for women with serious and enduring mental health problems. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 8: 221-231

Mordoch, E. and W. A. Hall (2002). Children Living With a Parent Who Has a Mental Illness: A Critical Analysis of the Literature and Research Implications. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing XVI(5): 208-216.

Nayda, R. (2004). Registered Nurses Communication about Abused Children: Rules, Responsibilities and Resistance. Child Abuse Review 13: 188-199.

Thomas, L. and R. Kalucy (2003). Parents with mental illness: lacking motivation to parent. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 12: 153-157.

General Practice, Paediatric and Child Development Journals

Adger, H., Jr., D. I. Macdonald, et al. (1999). Core competencies for involvement of health care providers in the care of children and adolescents in families affected by substance abuse. Pediatrics 103(5 Pt 2): 1083-4.

Appleby, L. and C. Dickens (1993). Mothering Skills of Women With Mental Illness: Not enough known about the post-partum period. British Medical Journal 306(February 6th): 1993.

Buist, A. (1998). Mentally Ill Families: When are children safe? Australian Family Physician 27(4): 261-265.

Cowling, V. R., P. D. McGorry, et al. (1995). Children of Parents With Psychotic Disorders. Medical Journal of Australia 163: 119-120.

Oates, M. (1997). Patients as parents: The risk to children. British Journal of Psychiatry 170(Suppl 32): 22-27.

Phelan, M. and D. Wingfield (1999). Children of depressed parents. British Journal of General Practice 49(443): 489.

Rimington, H., C. Olsson, et al. (1998). Parents with mental illness. Is there help for their adolescent children? Australian Family Physician 27(11): 987-8.

School Counselling and Guidance Journals and Book Chapters

Couzins, J. (1999). The role of the school in supporting the child. Children of Parents with Mental Illness. V. Cowling. Melbourne, Australian Council for Educational Research: 174-180.

Fudge, E. (2003). Children Of Parents with a Mental Illness - The COPMI Initiative. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 13(1): 99 - 105.

Cowling, V. (2006). Parents with a mental illness: how schools can assist children and adolescents to cope. Education Connect - Issue 4: Occasional Papers about Social and Emotional Wellbeing in Education. http://www.responseability. org/client_images/47227.pdf

Henderson, P. (1994). Counseling children of parents with severe mental illness. School Counselor 42(2) Nov 1994.

Social Work Journals

Ackerson, B. J. (2003). Parents with serious and persistent mental illness: issues in assessment and services. Social Work 48(2): 187-194.

Byrne, L., J. Hearle, et al. (2000). Working with parents with a serious mental illness: What do service providers think? Australian Social Work 53(4): 21-26.

Luntz, J. (1995). The invisible dimension in mental health: children whose parents suffer from a serious mental illness. Australian Social Work 48(3): 19.

Video and Audio Resources Used in Workforce Education

HARD WORDS (Video and Booklet). Aims to raise awareness about the issues facing children who have a parent with a mental illness. Email: admin@arafemi.org.au or download order form from www.arafemi.org.au

KOPING (Video and Booklet). Supporting children and young people whose parents are living with a mental health problem. Child & Youth Mental Health Service Royal Children's Hospital and Health Service District P.O. Box 1507, Fortitude Valley, QLD 4006 For enquiries contact the KOPING Forum on (07) 3835 1434

YOUNG CARERS CD AND BOOKLET A booklet for secondary teachers (and others who work with young people) about issues facing young people in families where someone has a mental illness, and a CD for young people including 2 songs written by young people and recorded by professional musicians, a young woman telling her story, and information about where to get help. Contact: Phone (03) 9854 5122 for orders.

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Texts Relevant to Workforce Education

Texts - General COPMI

Additional References Relevant to Workforce Education

General Practice, Paediatric and Child Development Journals

Video and Audio Resources Used in Workforce Education